Welcome to Foundations of Matrix Manipulation. Here, we’ll dive into two-dimensional data structures, known as matrices. Matrices are essential in various areas of programming, such as machine learning, computer vision, and game development, so it’s important to understand how to effectively traverse and manipulate them.

In Ruby, a matrix is simply an array of arrays, with each inner array representing a row. You can access matrix elements by using the row and column indices.

Here’s an example of accessing elements in a Ruby matrix:

Ruby
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1matrix = [
2  [1, 2, 3],
3  [4, 5, 6],
4  [7, 8, 9]
5]
6
7# Access element in the first row, second column
8element = matrix[0][1]  # This will give 2

For practice, let’s look at a common task: searching for a target value in a sorted matrix, where each row and column is sorted in ascending order. Given this property, we can perform an efficient search by starting from the top-right corner of the matrix:

• If the current element equals the target, you’ve found it.
• If the current element is greater than the target, move left (one column back).
• If the current element is less than the target, move down (one row forward).

Here’s how this search might be implemented:

Ruby
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1def search_matrix(matrix, target)
2  return false if matrix.empty?  # Return false if the matrix is empty
3
4  row = 0
5  col = matrix[0].size - 1  # Start from the top-right corner
6
7  while row < matrix.size && col >= 0
8    current = matrix[row][col]
9    
10    if current == target
11      return true  # Target found
12    elsif current > target
13      col -= 1  # Move left if the current element is larger than the target
14    else
15      row += 1  # Move down if the current element is smaller than the target
16    end
17  end
18
19  false  # Target not found after traversing
20end
21
22matrix = [
23  [1, 4, 7],
24  [2, 5, 8],
25  [3, 6, 9]
26]
27
28target = 5
29puts search_matrix(matrix, target)  # Expected output: true

This approach efficiently narrows down the search area at each step, taking advantage of the matrix’s sorted structure.

Once you’re comfortable with these matrix basics, it’s time to dive into practice exercises. Remember, the goal here isn’t just to solve problems but to strengthen your understanding of matrix operations, enhance problem-solving skills, and write efficient, elegant code.

Let’s get started!