Welcome to this lesson on Content Negotiation in Spring Boot! In the previous lessons, we focused on validating request data and handling exceptions, essential skills for building robust RESTful APIs. Today, we'll delve into content negotiation — a vital aspect that allows your API to serve responses in different formats, such as JSON and XML, based on the client's request.

Content negotiation is crucial when you want a single endpoint to serve results in various formats. This is particularly useful when different clients use your public endpoint and prefer different response formats. For example, mobile applications may request JSON, while legacy systems might require XML. In this lesson, we'll cover content negotiation for XML and JSON formats in Spring Boot. Other formats, such as YAML, plain text, and PDF, can also be supported by adding the appropriate dependencies and configurations.

Here is an example of a TodoItem object returned in JSON format:

JSON
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1{
2    "id": 1,
3    "title": "Read book",
4    "description": "Read the first chapter of 'Effective Java'"
5}

And here is the same TodoItem object returned in XML format:

HTML, XML
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1<TodoItem>
2    <id>1</id>
3    <title>Read book</title>
4    <description>Read the first chapter of 'Effective Java'</description>
5</TodoItem>

First, let's add the necessary dependencies to our build.gradle.kts script:

Kotlin
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1implementation("com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat:jackson-dataformat-xml")
2implementation("jakarta.xml.bind:jakarta.xml.bind-api:3.0.1")

• jackson-dataformat-xml: This dependency includes the necessary components for serializing and deserializing XML data using Jackson.
• jakarta.xml.bind-api: This dependency provides the Jakarta XML Binding API, which is used for converting objects to XML and vice versa.

To enable content negotiation, you'll need to adjust your controller methods in Kotlin. Instead of using semantic annotations like @GetMapping, you'll use @RequestMapping to explicitly specify the supported media types.

Here's a code snippet for our TodoItemController:

Kotlin
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1package com.codesignal
2
3import org.springframework.http.MediaType
4import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable
5import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping
6import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod
7import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController
8
9@RestController
10class TodoItemController(private val todoItemRepository: TodoItemRepository) {
11
12    @RequestMapping(
13        value = ["/{id}"],
14        method = [RequestMethod.GET],
15        produces = [MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE, MediaType.APPLICATION_XML_VALUE]
16    )
17    fun getTodoItemById(@PathVariable id: Int): TodoItem {
18        return todoItemRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow { NoSuchElementException("Todo item with id $id not found") }
19    }
20}

The code block demonstrates a controller method supporting content negotiation:

• We replaced @GetMapping with @RequestMapping to enable defining the produces attribute.
• The produces field specifies the supported media types for the endpoint. Here, it is set to [MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE, MediaType.APPLICATION_XML_VALUE], allowing responses in both JSON and XML formats.
• By supporting multiple media types, the server can return responses in the requested format, based on the client's preference.

These changes enable content negotiation by allowing the server to serve responses in various formats according to client specifications.

Spring Boot offers two primary strategies for content negotiation:

• URL Parameter Strategy: GET /todo/123?format=xml to request XML data or GET /todo/123?format=json to request JSON data.
• Accept Header Strategy: GET /todo/123 with Accept: application/xml in the request header to request XML data, or GET /todo/123 with Accept: application/json in the request header to request JSON data.

In the URL Parameter Strategy, the response format is determined by a parameter in the URL query string. For example, the URL GET /todos?format=xml would request XML data.

Here's a configuration snippet using this strategy:

Kotlin
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1package com.codesignal
2
3import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
4import org.springframework.http.MediaType
5import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ContentNegotiationConfigurer
6import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer
7
8@Configuration
9class ContentNegotiationConfig : WebMvcConfigurer {
10
11    override fun configureContentNegotiation(configurer: ContentNegotiationConfigurer) {
12        configurer.favorParameter(true)
13            .parameterName("format")
14            .defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
15            .mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
16            .mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)
17    }
18}

Explanation:

• WebMvcConfigurer: An interface that allows customizing the configuration of Spring MVC. By implementing this interface, you can override methods to add specific configurations like content negotiation.
• ContentNegotiationConfigurer: A helper class that allows configuring content negotiation options in Spring MVC. It provides methods for setting parameters and options related to content format negotiation.
• favorParameter(true): This method enables content negotiation via a URL parameter. When set to true, Spring will use the specified query parameter to determine the response format.
• parameterName("format"): This method sets the name of the URL parameter to be used for content negotiation. In this case, the format parameter will be used.
• defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON): This sets the default content type to JSON in case the URL parameter is not specified.
• mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) and mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML): These methods map the string values json and xml to their respective media types.

In the Accept Header Strategy, the client specifies the desired response format using the HTTP Accept header. For example, setting Accept: application/xml in the request header informs the server to respond with XML data.

Here's the configuration snippet for this strategy:

Kotlin
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1package com.codesignal
2
3import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
4import org.springframework.http.MediaType
5import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ContentNegotiationConfigurer
6import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer
7
8@Configuration
9class ContentNegotiationConfig : WebMvcConfigurer {
10
11    override fun configureContentNegotiation(configurer: ContentNegotiationConfigurer) {
12        configurer.favorParameter(false)
13            .ignoreAcceptHeader(false)
14            .defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
15            .mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
16            .mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)
17    }
18}

Explanation:

• favorParameter(false): This method disables content negotiation via URL parameters. When set to false, the server will not consider URL parameters for determining the response format.
• ignoreAcceptHeader(false): This method allows content negotiation using the Accept header. When set to false, Spring will use the Accept header in the HTTP request to determine the response format.
• defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON): This sets the default content type to JSON in case the Accept header is not specified.
• mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) and mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML): These methods map the string values json and xml to their respective media types.

In some scenarios, you might want to provide the flexibility to use both the URL Parameter Strategy and the Accept Header Strategy for content negotiation. This approach allows clients to specify the preferred response format either through a URL parameter or an Accept header, with the URL parameter having higher precedence.

Here's how you can configure Spring Boot to enable both strategies:

Kotlin
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1package com.codesignal
2
3import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
4import org.springframework.http.MediaType
5import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.ContentNegotiationConfigurer
6import org.springframework.web.servlet.config.annotation.WebMvcConfigurer
7
8@Configuration
9class ContentNegotiationConfig : WebMvcConfigurer {
10
11    override fun configureContentNegotiation(configurer: ContentNegotiationConfigurer) {
12        configurer.favorParameter(true)
13            .parameterName("format")
14            .ignoreAcceptHeader(false)
15            .defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
16            .mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
17            .mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML)
18    }
19}

Explanation:

• favorParameter(true): This enables content negotiation via a URL parameter, giving it higher precedence over the Accept header strategy. Clients can append ?format=json or ?format=xml to their request URLs to specify the desired response format.
• parameterName("format"): Specifies the name of the URL parameter used for negotiation.
• ignoreAcceptHeader(false): Allows content negotiation using the Accept header. If the URL parameter is not present, the server will use the Accept header to determine the response format.
• defaultContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON): Sets the default content type to JSON if neither the URL parameter nor the Accept header specifies a format.
• mediaType("json", MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) and mediaType("xml", MediaType.APPLICATION_XML): These methods define the mapping of json and xml strings to their corresponding media types.

By combining both strategies, you offer clients flexibility while ensuring that the URL parameter takes precedence when both methods specify a format. This means if both the URL parameter and the Accept header are present, the server will prioritize the format specified in the URL parameter.

Today, we learned about content negotiation in Spring Boot, essential for creating flexible APIs that can serve multiple response formats. We covered adding necessary dependencies, making controller adjustments, and configuring both URL parameter and Accept header strategies. Next, you'll practice implementing these strategies in various scenarios to strengthen your understanding and skills. Keep up the good work!