Welcome! Today, we will navigate the realm of variable ownership in Rust. This principle forms the crux of Rust's performance and safety. To visualize this, consider how you solely possess a book before handing it to a sibling. Rust variables adhere to a similar convention. We'll delve into Copy and non-Copy types, understand variable ownership within functions.

Variable ownership is the star feature of Rust that differentiates it from other languages. The three rules of ownership are:

1. Each value in Rust has a variable that’s called its owner. This means that there's always one and only one variable bound to any given piece of data. There can only be one owner at a time.

2. When you assign the value of one variable to another, the first variable will no longer hold that value if its type does not implement the Copy trait. We could say it's a bit like passing a baton in a relay race!

3. When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped. This means once the variable that owns the data is done (like at the end of the function or a block of code), Rust automatically cleans up and frees the memory associated with that data. It's like when you're done reading a library book and return it, the book is no longer in your possession and can be borrowed by someone else.

Rust features the Copy trait for types of a fixed size that can be safely duplicated. When Copy types are assigned, the data is reproduced.

The following data types are Copy types:

• integers and floating points (i32, f64, u32, etc.)
• char
• bool

Let's take a look at an example:

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let x = 5; // x, an integer, is a Copy type
3    let y = x; // y receives a copy of x's value
4    println!("x = {}, y = {}", x, y); // Here, x and y are both valid
5}

In this code, y is assigned a duplicate of x’s value. Therefore, after the assignment operation, both x and y are valid. x and y each own their own value of 5.

Rust also encompasses non-Copy types, such as String, Vec<T>, etc. For these types, the actual data isn't copied, but the reference is. The 2nd rule of ownership dictates that when you assign the value of one variable to another, the first variable will no longer hold that value if its type does not implement the Copy trait.

Consider Strings (non-Copy types) as an example:

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let s1 = String::from("hello"); // s1 is a String, hence it's a non-Copy data type
3    let s2 = s1; // here, s1's ownership is transferred to s2
4    println!("{}", s1); // This will result in a compile-time error
5}

In this snippet, once s1 is assigned to s2, s2 becomes the owner of the value, and s1 is invalidated.

Functions, in Rust, operate similarly. When a variable is passed to a function, its ownership is transferred.

Here's an example:

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let s = String::from("hello");
3    take_ownership(s); // s transfers ownership to `take_ownership`
4    // After this point, s becomes invalid
5}
6fn take_ownership(some_string: String) {
7    println!("{}", some_string);
8}

Here's a step-by-step of what's happening:

1. let s = String::from("hello"); - A new String object is created. The variable s becomes the owner of this String.

2. take_ownership(s); - The s string is passed to take_ownership function. When we pass s to this function, we are transferring the ownership of s to the function's parameter some_string. Once the function takes ownership, s no longer has access to the String object.

3. some_string: String - The function declares a parameter some_string which is of type String. This means it expects an owner to a String value.

4. When we call println!("{}", some_string);, it will print the value of the String to the console.

5. After the take_ownership function finishes executing, some_string goes out of scope, and Rust automatically frees up the memory some_string occupies.

One important feature to note is that println! is a macro, not a function. This means passing a variable into println! does not transfer ownership.

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let x = 5;
3    make_copy(x); // x is a Copy type. make_copy takes ownership of a new x value
4    // Here, x is still valid as it's a Copy type
5}
6fn make_copy(some_integer: i32) {
7    println!("{}", some_integer);
8}

Here's a step-by-step of what's happening:

1. let x = 5; - This line creates an integer variable x and gives it a value of 5. Integers in Rust have the Copy trait, which means that when they are used as function arguments, what is actually passed is a copy of the data, not the original data itself.

2. make_copy(x); - The make_copy function is called with x as an argument. Because x is a type that implements the Copy trait, it is copied when passed to the function. This means the function gets its own version of x's value to work with, and the original x in main is unaffected by whatever happens to this copy inside the function. After this line, x is still perfectly valid and accessible in the main function scope.

3. some_integer: i32 - The function takes one parameter, some_integer, which is of type i32 Like x, this is also a Copy type.

4. println!("{}", some_integer); - The function prints the value of some_integer to the console. If make_copy changed some_integer in any way (which it doesn't in this example), it would only change its copy, not x in main.

5. After make_copy finishes executing, some_integer goes out of scope, and Rust automatically frees up the memory some_integer occupies.

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let s = give_ownership(); // s becomes owner of value returned by gives_ownership
3    // s is valid
4}
5fn give_ownership() -> String {
6    let s = String::from("Hello World!");
7    s
8}

1. let s = give_ownership(); - In the main function, a new variable s is declared. It is set to the value returned by give_ownership(). This means that s becomes the owner of the String value that give_ownership() returns.
2. fn give_ownership() -> String - This function signature tells us that give_ownership will return a String value when it's called.
3. let s = String::from("Hello World!"); - Inside the function, we declare a new String variable s and initialize it with the value "Hello World!". The String variable is owned by s inside the give_ownership function
4. s - The function returns the value of s, giving ownership of the String to s in the main function.
5. After the call to give_ownership(), s is a valid String in the main function's scope. You can use s just like any other valid String in Rust.

Rust
Copy
1fn main() {
2    let s = String::from("Hello World!");
3    let s = take_and_give(s);
4}
5
6fn take_and_give(some_string: String) {
7   some_string
8}

This Rust code demonstrates ownership transfer to and from a function. Here is a breakdown of what happens:

1. let s = String::from("Hello World!"); In the main function, we declare a variable s and initialize it with a String containing the text "Hello World!". The String is owned by s in the main function
2. let s = take_and_give(s); - Calling take_and_give transfers ownership of the value in s to this new function. take_and_give then returns the String and s takes ownership of the String once again.

Understanding these concepts will equip you to write efficient and safe code in Rust. Practice this knowledge through hands-on exercises for effective learning. The upcoming session will present problems for you to tackle, further enhancing your understanding of Rust's variable ownership rules. Happy coding!