Welcome to this unit's coding session! We're going to take a deep dive into an exciting technique — the two-pointer technique. This technique is a crucial skill for enhancing your algorithmic problem-solving abilities, especially when dealing with arrays. In this unit, we'll apply this technique to a problem that involves an array of integers and a target value. Let's get started!

Envision the problem at hand: we've been given an array of distinct integers and a target value. The task is to find all pairs of integers from the given array that sum up to the target value using the two-pointer technique. The function find_pairs should take this array of integers and a target value as parameters. It should return a vector containing pairs of numbers, sorted in ascending order by the first element of each pair. If no pairs satisfy this requirement, the function should return an empty vector.

Consider, for instance, an example in which you're given an array, numbers = {1, 3, 5, 2, 8, -2}, and target = 6. In this case, the function should return {{-2, 8}, {1, 5}} because only these pairs from the input array of integers add up to the target value.

The naive approach to solve this problem would be to use a pair of nested loops to check each pair of numbers.

This would have a time complexity of $O(n^2)$ and a space complexity of $O(n)$. The naive approach can be time-consuming and inefficient, particularly for large arrays.

Comparatively, the two-pointer technique makes the problem-solving process more efficient by eliminating unnecessary operations (repeatedly checking pairs that can't sum to the target), thus enhancing the overall performance and efficiency of the solution.

We first sort the array and then apply the two-pointer technique:

Two pointers, one at the start (left) and the other at the end (right), are initialized.

In each iteration, we calculate the sum of the two numbers pointed to by the two respective pointers. If the sum is equal to the target value, the pair is added to the output vector, and both pointers are moved towards the center. This is because we know there are no other potential pairs with the current values of numbers[left] and numbers[right] (since the numbers are distinct).

When the sum is less than the target, we move the left pointer to the right (increasing the value of numbers[left]), and when the sum is greater than the target, we move the right pointer to the left (decreasing the value of numbers[right]). This process continues until the left pointer crosses the right pointer. At this point, all potential pairs have already been identified and added to the return vector.

The time complexity of this solution is $O(n \log n)$ due to the sorting of the array. After the sorting operation, the two-pointer traversal is linear, so it doesn't affect the overall time complexity. Sorting is the most expensive operation in this case.

The space complexity is $O(n)$ because in the worst-case scenario (when all elements form a pair summing up to the target), the return vector would require space for n/2 pairs.

The first step to addressing this problem is sorting the array. By sorting the array of integers, we can use the two-pointer technique effectively, as we know that values on the left are always smaller, while those on the right are always larger. Let's start building our function with this step:

C++
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1#include <vector>
2#include <algorithm>
3
4std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> find_pairs(std::vector<int>& numbers, int target) {
5    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
6}

Once the array is sorted, let's move on to the next stage. We'll initialize two pointers — one at the start of the array, left, and the other at the end of the array, right. We'll also set up an empty vector, pairs, to store our potential number pairs.

C++
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1#include <vector>
2#include <algorithm>
3
4std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> find_pairs(std::vector<int>& numbers, int target) {
5    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
6    int left = 0;
7    int right = numbers.size() - 1;
8    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> pairs;
9}

The most challenging and exciting part is the formation of pairs. We'll run a while loop until the left pointer crosses the right one. In each iteration, if the total equals the target, we'll store the pair and move one step from both ends. If the total is smaller than the target, we'll move one step to the right from the left, seeking a larger value. Conversely, if the total is larger than the target, we'll move one step to the left from the right, seeking a smaller value. Here is how it could be done:

C++
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1#include <vector>
2#include <algorithm>
3#include <iostream>
4
5std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> find_pairs(std::vector<int>& numbers, int target) {
6    std::sort(numbers.begin(), numbers.end());
7    int left = 0;
8    int right = numbers.size() - 1;
9    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> pairs;
10
11    while (left < right) {
12        int total = numbers[left] + numbers[right];
13
14        if (total == target) {
15            pairs.push_back({numbers[left], numbers[right]});
16            left++;
17            right--;
18        } else if (total < target) {
19            left++;
20        } else {
21            right--;
22        }
23    }
24    return pairs;
25}
26
27int main() {
28    std::vector<int> numbers = {1, 3, 5, 2, 8, -2};
29    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> result = find_pairs(numbers, 6);
30    for (std::pair<int, int> elm : result) {
31        std::cout << elm.first << ' ' << elm.second << std::endl;
32    }
33    return 0;
34}

Congratulations on successfully handling a problem that requires the imperative two-pointer technique! This scenario involved understanding and meticulously applying the two-pointer technique to identify all relevant pairs of integers. In this task, we learned how summarizing concepts can ultimately aid us in finding a solution more efficiently, without having to approach each element explicitly.

Now, it's time for some practice! In the subsequent practice session, you'll handle similar problems that demand the use of the two-pointer method. Take everything you've learned from this lesson and apply it directly to the practice! Thank you for attending the session, and keep up the excellent work!